Predominance of genotype P[9]G3 in rotavirus gastroenteritis in Polish children

Introduction

Rotavirus (RV) infection is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children. This paper identifies the most common genotypes of rotaviruses isolated from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis and attempts to determine any relationship between infection with a certain rotavirus genotype.

Material and methods

The investigated group consisted of 68 consecutive children with rotavirus gastroenteritis (confirmed by an agglutination test). Rotavirus genotype was determined in stool samples obtained from each child.

Results

The P[9]VP4 genotype was observed in 41/61 positive samples (over 67.2%) that were permanently associated with the G3 VP7 genotype. Moreover, G3 was determined as the most commonly isolated G type (77.94%). As well as the P[9]G3 type, G3 was also found in the P[4] type (5 cases). Twenty-six out of 61 (42.6%) children in whom rotavirus genotype was determined were co-infected with pathogenic bacteria. No statistical correlation was observed between rotavirus P[9]G3 gastroenteritis and digestive tract co-infection with pathogenic bacteria (p > 0.05). Elevated ALT activity was found in 34/59 (57.6%) cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Elevated ALT serum level was found to correlate with P[9]G3 rotavirus genotype but concomitant infections did not.

Conclusions

The most common genotype of rotaviruses observed in our group of children, P[9]G3, has rarely been described. Co-infection of the digestive tract with pathogenic bacteria and elevated serum ALT concentrations were found to be the most frequent phenomena. A correlation between P[9]G3 rotavirus genotype and elevated serum ALT level was found, but no significant relationship was identified between concomitant infections and P[9]G3 genotype.     

A single weekly dose of imatinib is sufficient to induce and maintain remission of chronic eosinophilic leukaemia in FIP1L1-PDGFRA-expressing patients

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is defined as chronic, unexplained hypereosinophilia with organ involvement. A subset of HES patients presents an interstitial deletion in chromosome 4q12, which leads to the expression of an imatinib-responsive fusion gene, FIP1L1-PDGFRA. These patients are diagnosed as chronic eosinophilic leukaemia (CEL). We treated seven CEL and HES patients, six of which expressed FIP1L1-PDGFRA , with imatinib using initial daily doses ranging from 100 to 400 mg. In a remission maintenance phase, the patients were treated with imatinib once weekly. All imatinib-treated patients achieved a complete haematological remission (CHR), and five of the six patients with FIP1L1-PDGFRA expression exhibited molecular remission. The decreased imatinib doses were as follows: 200 mg/week in three patients, 100 mg/week in two patients and 100 mg/d in the remaining two patients. For remission maintenance, imatinib doses were set at 100 mg/week in five patients and 200 mg/week in two patients. At a median follow-up of 30 months all patients remained in CHR and FIP1L1-PDGFRA expression was undetectable in five of the six FIP1L1-PDGFRA -expressing patients. These data suggest that a single weekly dose of imatinib is sufficient to maintain remission in FIP1L1-PDGFRA - positive CEL patients.     

北京市2014－2018年诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的影响因素分析

目的 分析2014－2018年北京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的影响因素。方法 收集2014年4月至2018年3月北京市诺如病毒急性胃肠炎聚集性事件及暴发资料,应用非条件logistic回归模型分析诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的影响因素。结果 北京市共报告由诺如病毒感染引起的急性胃肠炎事件765起,85.88%（657/765）为聚集性事件,14.12%（108/765）为暴发。在暴发中,70.37%（76/108）发生在2017年;84.26%（91/108）发生在冬、春季节;88.89%（96/108）发生在托幼机构及中小学;主要传播途径为人传人（81.48%,88/108）;93.52%（101/108）为GⅡ组诺如病毒感染引起。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,在近郊区及远郊区发生的事件,出现暴发的风险分别是城区的1.84倍（95% CI：1.13～3.02）及3.78倍（95% CI：1.62～8.82）;在小学、中学及其他机构发生的事件,出现暴发的风险分别是幼儿园的6.26倍（95% CI：3.53～11.10）、14.98倍（95% CI：6.23～36.01）及8.71倍（95% CI：3.07～24.71）;就诊率低于全部事件就诊率中位数的,发生暴发的风险是就诊率高的2.29倍（95% CI：1.42～3.68）;传播途径为食源性的事件,发生暴发的风险为人传人传播的14.55倍（95% CI：3.15～67.07）。结论 加强郊区、中小学及其他机构诺如病毒暴发疫情的防控力度,急性胃肠炎患者积极就医,做好食源性疫情的防控及厨工的健康管理,有助于减少诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的暴发。     

布拉酵母菌与双歧杆菌四联活菌治疗小儿轮状病毒性胃肠炎疗效比较

目的：比较布拉酵母菌散与双歧杆菌四联活菌片在治疗小儿轮状病毒性胃肠炎的临床疗效。方法选择2012年1月至2014年5月在第三军医大学西南医院儿科门诊及住院部就诊患儿,年龄在2个月至8岁的轮状病毒性胃肠炎患儿191例,按随机数字表法分为对照组（蒙脱石散及常规对症治疗,n＝62）、双歧杆菌四联活菌片组（常规治疗＋双歧杆菌四联活菌片,n＝64）、布拉酵母菌散组（常规治疗＋布拉酵母菌散,n＝65）,治疗第3天及第5天后比较各组的治疗效果。结果双歧杆菌四联活菌片组、布拉酵母菌散组的显效、有效和总有效率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。而布拉酵母菌散组的显效和总有效率指标稍高于双歧杆菌四联活菌片组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。双歧杆菌四联活菌片组、布拉酵母菌组在治疗第3天、第5天大便次数及腹泻持续时间均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。布拉酵母菌散组腹泻持续时间较双歧杆菌四联活菌片组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论布拉酵母菌散与双歧杆菌四联活菌片两种益生菌治疗儿童轮状病毒性胃肠炎的疗效相似,布拉酵母菌散较双歧杆菌四联活菌片可以缩短腹泻持续时间。     

嗜酸性粒细胞胃肠炎的CT与MRI诊断价值

目的 探讨嗜酸性粒细胞胃肠炎(EG)的CT与MRI表现及其临床诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析16例经临床证实的EG患者的CT、MRI的影像资料.结果 黏膜型6例,混合型8例,浆膜型2例,无单纯肌层型EG患者.食管壁肿胀增厚者5例;胃窦壁肿胀增厚者9例,胃黏膜增粗6例;十二指肠黏膜增粗者9例;空肠黏膜增粗者12例,4例合并肠壁增厚;回肠黏膜增粗者8例,4例合并肠壁增厚;结、直肠增厚者2例;肠系膜渗出8例;肠系膜淋巴结肿大者6例;腹腔积液7例.结论 EG的影像表现主要为食管、胃窦部肿胀增厚、胃与小肠黏膜弥漫性增粗、肠壁分层状增厚,具有一定的特征性,可为临床明确诊断提供依据.     

Rotavirus vaccination compliance and completion in a Medicaid infant population

We examined completion and compliance rates of rotavirus (RV) vaccination according to the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Food and Drug Administration approved Prescribing Information (PI) for Rotarix^® (RV1, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) and RotaTeq^® (RV5, Merck and Co.) among infants under one year of age covered by Medicaid programs. Healthcare claims data from state Medicaid programs that constituted the Truven Health MarketScan^® Multi-State Medicaid Database were retrieved from May 2008–June 2012. Infants were grouped under PI and ACIP cohorts based on the dosing regimens followed. The overall compliance per PI (n = 673,956) and ACIP (n = 695,612) recommendations were 24.5% and 28.2%, respectively; completion rates were 30.3% and 32.6%, respectively. In the PI cohort, infants who received RV1 had significantly higher compliance as compared with infants who received RV5 (65.2% vs. 31.3%; p < 0.0001); completion rates among infants receiving RV1 and RV5 were 65.3% and 46.4%, respectively (p < 0.0001). In the ACIP cohort, compliance with RV1 was significantly higher than RV5 (68.8% vs. 45.9%; p < 0.0001) as was the overall completion rate (73.5% vs. 48.8%; p < 0.0001). While compliance is increasing year over year, overall compliance of RV vaccines is suboptimal, with over 40% of eligible infants unvaccinated in both populations. The 2-dose RV vaccine showed better completion rates and higher compliance than the 3-dose RV vaccine in the United States. Public health initiatives focusing on suboptimal compliance and completion rates of RV vaccination in the Medicaid population could improve these metrics, thereby offering protection against RV infection.     

Rotavirus gastroenteritis‐associated urinary ammonium acid urate crystals

Although ammonium acid urate (AAU) calculi are extremely rare renal stone components, it was recently found that many urinary tract calculi that cause post‐renal renal failure in rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis are AAU calculi. The mechanism of AAU calculi development in RV gastroenteritis has not been fully elucidated. We analyzed data from eight RV gastroenteritis patients who transiently had AAU crystals in their urinary sediment. In these patients, formation of AAU crystals occurred earlier than the formation of AAU calculi. No difference was observed in serum and urine uric acid levels between RV gastroenteritis patients with or without AAU crystals. Interestingly, fractional excretion of sodium was extremely low among patients with AAU crystals. These results suggest that the formation of AAU crystals might not be due to excretion of uric acid, but excretion of sodium.